Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 (2024)

Author notes

1. These authors contributed equally: Jaimie D. Steinmetz, Rupert R. A.Bourne.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

   João M. Furtado

2. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

   Jost B. Jonas

3. Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK

   Ian Tapply

4. Federal University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paolo, SP, Brazil

   Arthur G. Fernandes

5. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

   Arthur G. Fernandes

6. School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

   Maria Vittoria Cicinelli

7. Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

   Maria Vittoria Cicinelli

8. Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy

   Alessandro Arrigo

9. University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France

   Nicolas Leveziel

10. CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France

    Nicolas Leveziel

11. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Serge Resnikoff&Serge Resnikoff

12. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Serge Resnikoff

13. School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

    Hugh R. Taylor

14. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

    Tabassom Sedighi,Rupert R. A. Bourne,Shahina Pardhan&Rupert R. A. Bourne

15. Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Seth Flaxman

16. Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy

    Maurizio Battaglia Parodi

17. Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia

    Mukkharram M. Bikbov

18. School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

    Tasanee Braithwaite

19. The Medical Eye Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Tasanee Braithwaite

20. University Hospital, Dijon, France

    Alain Bron

21. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Ching-Yu Cheng

22. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore

    Ching-Yu Cheng

23. Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK

    Nathan Congdon

24. Orbis International, New York, USA

    Nathan Congdon

25. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Nathan Congdon

26. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Monte A. Del Monte

27. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, USA

    Monte A. Del Monte

28. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Joshua R. Ehrlich

29. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Joshua R. Ehrlich

30. Australian College of Optometry, Melbourne, Vic, Australia

    Tim Fricke

31. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia

    Tim Fricke

32. UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Tim Fricke

33. Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

    David Friedman

34. Institue of Ophthalmology UCL & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK

    Gus Gazzard

35. Stanford University, Stanford, USA

    M. Elizabeth Hartnett

36. Associated Ophthalmologists of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

    Rim Kahloun

37. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    John H. Kempen

38. Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    John H. Kempen

39. Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    John H. Kempen

40. Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA

    John H. Kempen

41. Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

    Moncef Khairallah

42. Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India

    Rohit C. Khanna

43. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India

    Rohit C. Khanna

44. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

    Rohit C. Khanna&Kovin S. Naidoo

45. University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA

    Rohit C. Khanna

46. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA

    Judy E. Kim

47. HelpMeSee, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, New York, USA

    Van Charles Lansingh

48. University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA

    Van Charles Lansingh

49. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA

    Van Charles Lansingh

50. Nova Southeastern University College for Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA

    Janet Leasher

51. African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa

    Kovin S. Naidoo

52. Suraj Eye Instate, 559, New colony, Nagpur, India

    Vinay Nangia

53. Institute of Optics and Optometry, University of Social Science, 121 Gdanska str, Lodz, 90-519, Poland

    Michal Nowak

54. Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Konrad Pesudovs

55. Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK

    Tunde Peto

56. John Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, USA

    Pradeep Ramulu

57. 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ahepa Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Fotis Topouzis

58. University of Crete Medical School, Giofirakia, Greece

    Mitiadis Tsilimbaris

59. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China

    Ya Xing Wang

60. Beijing Institute of Ophthamology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Ningli Wang

61. Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    João M. Furtado

62. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Jost B. Jonas

63. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    Jost B. Jonas

64. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Arthur G. Fernandes

65. Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy

    Maria Vittoria Cicinelli

66. Ophthalmology Department, CHU de Poitiers (Poitiers University Hospital), Poitiers, France

    Nicolas Leveziel

67. National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Poitiers, France

    Nicolas Leveziel

68. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Paul Svitil Briant,Theo Vos,Katrin Burkart,Kaleb Coberly,Xiaochen Dai,Stephen S. Lim,Tomislav Mestrovic,Ali H. Mokdad,Peng Zheng&Jaimie D. Steinmetz

69. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Theo Vos,Katrin Burkart,Xiaochen Dai,Stephen S. Lim,Ali H. Mokdad&Peng Zheng

70. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Serge Resnikoff&Kovin S. Naidoo

71. Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany

    Florian Fischer

72. Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia

    Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate

73. The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Abdollahi

74. School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Abdollahi

75. Department of Public Health, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia

    Tadele Girum Girum Adal

76. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Isaac Yeboah Addo

77. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Isaac Yeboah Addo

78. School of Public Health & Dept. of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal

    Kishor Adhikari

79. Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal

    Kishor Adhikari

80. Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India

    Prerna Agarwal

81. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Antonella Agodi

82. Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

    Williams Agyemang-Duah

83. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia

    Aqeel Ahmad

84. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamid Ahmadieh&Sare Safi

85. Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamid Ahmadieh

86. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Hooman Ahmadzadeh

87. Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA

    Fares Alahdab

88. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

    Ahmad Samir Alfaar

89. Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Ahmad Samir Alfaar

90. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Robert Kaba Alhassan&Mustapha Immurana

91. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan

    Syed Shujait Shujait Ali

92. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Louay Almidani

93. Doheny Image Reading and Research Lab (DIRRL) - Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Louay Almidani

94. Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece

    Sofia Androudi

95. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Abhishek Anil&Muhammad Aaqib Shamim

96. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India

    Abhishek Anil

97. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia

    Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor

98. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Jalal Arabloo

99. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Mubarek Yesse Ashemo

100. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia

     Mubarek Yesse Ashemo

101. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

     Seyyed Shamsadin Athari

102. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

     Desta Debalkie Atnafu

103. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal

     Alok Atreya

104. Epidemiology, Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir dar, Ethiopia

     Melese Kitu Ayalew

105. College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia

     Melese Kitu Ayalew

106. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

     Yared Asmare Aynalem

107. Department of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

     Yared Asmare Aynalem

108. Department of Nursing, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia

     Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem

109. Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc, Saint Paul, MN, USA

     Ahmed Y. Azzam

110. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt

     Ahmed Y. Azzam

111. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

     Sara Bagherieh

112. School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

     Ruhai Bai

113. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

     Martina Barchitta&Andrea Maugeri

114. Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA

     Mainak Bardhan

115. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

     Till Winfried Bärnighausen

116. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

     Till Winfried Bärnighausen

117. Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

     Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn

118. Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Fatemeh Bazvand

119. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

     Ahmet Begde

120. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

     Ahmet Begde

121. Department of Regulatory Affairs, NSF International, Ann Arbor, GA, USA

     Babak Behnam

122. Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, USA

     Babak Behnam

123. Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

     Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula

124. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Sonu Bhaskar

125. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Sonu Bhaskar

126. Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India

     Gurjit Kaur Bhatti

127. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

     Jasvinder Singh Bhatti

128. Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia

     Bagas Suryo Bintoro

129. Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia

     Bagas Suryo Bintoro

130. Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

     Marina G. Birck

131. Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada

     Marina G. Birck

132. Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

     Tasanee Braithwaite

133. International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

     Tasanee Braithwaite

134. Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

     Yasser Bustanji

135. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

     Yasser Bustanji

136. Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

     Florentino L. Caetano dos Santos

137. School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

     Vera L. A. Carneiro

138. Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal

     Vera L. A. Carneiro

139. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

     Muthia Cenderadewi

140. Public Health Department, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia

     Muthia Cenderadewi

141. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

     Vijay Kumar Chattu

142. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India

     Vijay Kumar Chattu

143. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam

     Dinh-Toi Chu

144. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal

     Natália Cruz-Martins

145. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

     Natália Cruz-Martins

146. Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

     Omid Dadras

147. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

     Omid Dadras

148. Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

     Ana Maria Dascalu

149. Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania

     Ana Maria Dascalu

150. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

     Mohsen Dashti

151. 2nd University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

     Anna Dastiridou

152. Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece

     Anna Dastiridou

153. Department of Radiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Maedeh Dastmardi

154. Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Maedeh Dastmardi

155. Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, USA

     Xinlei Deng

156. St Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK

     Nikolaos Dervenis

157. Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

     Nikolaos Dervenis

158. Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India

     Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu

159. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

     Mengistie Diress&Yibeltal Yismaw Gela

160. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

     Shirin Djalalinia

161. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

     Joshua R. Ehrlich

162. Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

     Joshua R. Ehrlich

163. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

     Michael Ekholuenetale,Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe&Kayode Raphael Fowobaje

164. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

     Michael Ekholuenetale

165. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria

     Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo

166. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

     Iman El Sayed

167. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya

     Muhammed Elhadi

168. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

     Mehdi Emamverdi

169. Department of Nursing, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia

     Ambaw Abebaw Emrie&Ahmed Nuru Muhamed

170. Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

     Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe

171. Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

     Ayesha Fahim

172. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan

     Umar Farooq

173. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Hossein Farrokhpour&Soheil Mohammadi

174. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran

     Hossein Farrokhpour

175. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

     Ali Fatehizadeh

176. Department of Social medicine and epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

     Alireza Feizkhah

177. University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

     Lorenzo Ferro Desideri

178. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

     Getahun Fetensa

179. Institute of Health sciences, Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

     Bikila Regassa Feyisa

180. Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK

     Seth Flaxman

181. Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

     Ali Forouhari

182. Emergency Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

     Ali Forouhari

183. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

     Matteo Foschi

184. Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy

     Matteo Foschi

185. Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria

     Kayode Raphael Fowobaje

186. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India

     Aravind P. Gandhi

187. Health Sciences department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

     Tilaye Gebru Gebi

188. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

     Miglas W. Gebregergis

189. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia

     Mesfin Gebrehiwot

190. Department of Health, Policy Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia

     Brhane Gebremariam

191. Simon Fraser University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

     Brhane Gebremariam

192. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia

     Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel,Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile&Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay

193. Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

     Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel

194. School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia

     Molalegn Mesele Gesese

195. Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani&Hengameh Kasraei

196. Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Fariba Ghassemi

197. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

     Sherief Ghozy

198. Health Systems and Policy Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India

     Mahaveer Golechha

199. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran

     Pouya Goleij

200. Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

     Pouya Goleij

201. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India

     Sapna Gupta

202. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia

     Veer Bala Gupta

203. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Vivek Kumar Gupta

204. Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

     Semira Goitom Hailu

205. Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

     Arvin Haj-Mirzaian

206. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Arvin Haj-Mirzaian

207. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Aram Halimi

208. Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

     Shahin Hallaj

209. Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

     Shahin Hallaj

210. Brain and Behavioral Sciences Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

     Billy Randall Hammond

211. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

     Ikramul Hasan

212. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

     Hamidreza Hasani

213. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam

214. Chapter of Addiction Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam

215. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran

     Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan&Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi

216. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan,Fateme Montazeri&Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi

217. Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

     Sung Hwi Hong

218. Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, UK

     Sung Hwi Hong

219. School of Social Sciences, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India

     Praveen Hoogar

220. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam

     Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

221. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

     Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

222. Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

     Chengxi Hu

223. International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

     Hong-Han Huynh

224. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

     Chidozie C. D. Iwu

225. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain

     Louis Jacob

226. Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France

     Louis Jacob

227. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

     Abdollah Jafarzadeh

228. Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

     Abdollah Jafarzadeh

229. The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy

     Mihajlo Jakovljevic

230. Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China

     Mihajlo Jakovljevic

231. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India

     Shubha Jayaram

232. Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

     Mohammad Jokar

233. Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

     Mohammad Jokar

234. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

     Nitin Joseph&Prasanna Mithra

235. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria

     Charity Ehimwenma Joshua

236. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

     Gebisa Guyasa Kabito

237. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

     Laleh R. Kalankesh

238. Manipal Institute of Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

     Sagarika Kamath

239. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Himal Kandel&Yuyi You

240. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Himal Kandel

241. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA

     Ibraheem M. Karaye

242. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

     Ibraheem M. Karaye

243. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

     Hengameh Kasraei

244. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria

     Gbenga A. Kayode

245. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

     Gbenga A. Kayode

246. Department of Public Health, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia

     Shemsu Kedir

247. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

     Yousef Saleh Khader

248. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India

     Himanshu Khajuria&Biswa Prakash Nayak

249. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

     Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh

250. Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India

     Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib

251. Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Zahra Khorrami

252. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia

     Yun Jin Kim

253. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway

     Adnan Kisa

254. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

     Adnan Kisa

255. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway

     Sezer Kisa

256. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia

     Soewarta Kosen

257. San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain

     Ai Koyanagi

258. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

     Kewal Krishan

259. Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India

     Chandrakant Lahariya

260. SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India

     Chandrakant Lahariya

261. Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

     Tri Laksono

262. Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

     Tri Laksono

263. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India

     Dharmesh Kumar Lal

264. Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA

     Van Charles Lansingh

265. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico

     Van Charles Lansingh

266. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

     Trang D. T. Le

267. Independent Consultant, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

     Trang D. T. Le

268. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA

     Janet L. Leasher

269. Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea

     Munjae Lee

270. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea

     Seung Won Lee

271. Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA

     Wei-Chen Lee

272. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

     Xuefeng Liu

273. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

     Xuefeng Liu

274. Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Alireza Mahmoudi

275. Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

     Razzagh Mahmoudi

276. Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

     Kashish Malhotra

277. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Vahid Mansouri

278. Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia

     Roy Rillera Marzo

279. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

     Roy Rillera Marzo

280. Department of Ophthalmology, Princess of Wales Hospital, Wales, UK

     Colm McAlinden

281. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

     Colm McAlinden

282. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia

     Tesfahun Mekene Meto

283. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

     Abera M. Mersha

284. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia

     Tomislav Mestrovic

285. Department of Medical Physiology, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia

     Ephrem Tesfaye Mihretie

286. Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Mehdi Mirzaei

287. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan

     Nouh Saad Mohamed

288. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan

     Nouh Saad Mohamed

289. University of Gondar, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

     Abdulwase Mohammed

290. Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

     Hossein Molavi Vardanjani

291. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

     Mohammad Ali Moni

292. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Fateme Montazeri&Nazila Rezaei

293. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Maryam Moradi

294. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Parsa Mousavi

295. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece

     Admir Mulita

296. Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

     Kovin S. Naidoo

297. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

     Ganesh R. Naik

298. Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Ganesh R. Naik

299. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

     Shumaila Nargus

300. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

     Zuhair S. Natto

301. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

     Zuhair S. Natto

302. Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran

     Mohammad Negaresh

303. Department of Internal Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran

     Mohammad Negaresh

304. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

     Hadush Negash

305. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

     Dang H. Nguyen

306. Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

     Dang H. Nguyen

307. Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, USA

     Hien Quang Nguyen

308. Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam

     Phat Tuan Nguyen

309. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

     Van Thanh Nguyen

310. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

     Robina Khan Niazi

311. Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan

     Mamoona Noreen

312. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria

     Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam

313. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria

     Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam

314. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

     Ismail A. Odetokun

315. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

     Andrew T. Olagunju

316. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

     Andrew T. Olagunju

317. Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria

     Matthew Idowu Olatubi

318. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

     Obinna E. Onwujekwe

319. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

     Michal Ordak

320. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia

     Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

321. Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

     Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

322. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia

     Nikita Otstavnov

323. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

     Mayowa O. Owolabi

324. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

     Mayowa O. Owolabi

325. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India

     Jagadish Rao Padubidri

326. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Parsa Panahi

327. Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal

     Ashok Pandey

328. Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

     Ashok Pandey

329. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

     Jay Patel

330. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

     Jay Patel

331. Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, USA

     Venkata Suresh Patthipati

332. Department of Hospital Medicine, Sound Physicians, Palm Coast, FL, USA

     Venkata Suresh Patthipati

333. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

     Shrikant Pawar

334. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India

     Arokiasamy Perianayagam

335. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

     Ionela-Roxana Petcu

336. Medical School, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

     Hoang Tran Pham

337. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

     Ibrahim Qattea

338. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

     Pankaja Raghav Raghav

339. Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

     Fakher Rahim

340. Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

     Fakher Rahim

341. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar

342. Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

     Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman

343. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

     Mosiur Rahman

344. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduch*erry, India

     Premkumar Ramasubramani

345. Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan

     Ahmed Mustafa Rashid

346. Department of Health Behaviour, Environment, and Social Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

     Annisa Utami Rauf

347. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt

     Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan

348. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt

     Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan

349. Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India

     Priyanka Roy

350. Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

     Zahra Saadatian

351. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

     Zahra Saadatian

352. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Siamak Sabour

353. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

     Basema Saddik&Mohamed A. Saleh

354. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan

     Umar Saeed

355. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan

     Umar Saeed

356. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Sare Safi

357. Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia

     Sher Zaman Safi

358. Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

     Sher Zaman Safi

359. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Amene Saghazadeh

360. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

     Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari

361. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

     Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari

362. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

     Amirhossein Sahebkar

363. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

     Amirhossein Sahebkar

364. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

     Joseph W. Sakshaug

365. Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany

     Joseph W. Sakshaug

366. Medical Laboratory, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Saina Salahi

367. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Sarvenaz Salahi

368. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran

     Sarvenaz Salahi

369. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

     Mohamed A. Saleh

370. School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

     Yoseph Leonardo Samodra

371. Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

     Vijaya Paul Samuel

372. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

     Abdallah M. Samy

373. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

     Abdallah M. Samy

374. Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

     Aswini Saravanan

375. Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduch*erry, India

     Aswini Saravanan

376. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

     Monika Sawhney

377. Market Access Division, Bayer, Istanbul, Türkiye

     Mete Saylan

378. Comprehensive Ophthalmology, NOOR Eye Training Center, International Assistance Misison, Kabul, Afghanistan

     Sayed Mansoor Sediqi

379. Research Department, Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan

     Sayed Mansoor Sediqi

380. Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia

     Siddharthan Selvaraj

381. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India

     Yashendra Sethi

382. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA

     Allen Seylani

383. Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan

     Jaffer Shah

384. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

     Samiah Shahid

385. Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

     Samiah Shahid

386. Centre of Medical and Bio Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

     Moyad Jamal Shahwan

387. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan

     Masood Ali Shaikh

388. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

     Maryam Shayan

389. Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Maryam Shayan

390. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

     Mika Shigematsu

391. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria

     Aminu sh*ttu

392. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

     Seyed Afshin Shorofi

393. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

     Seyed Afshin Shorofi

394. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

     Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

395. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands

     Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

396. Family, Health Promotion, and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA

     Juan Carlos Silva

397. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

     Jasvinder A. Singh

398. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA

     Jasvinder A. Singh

399. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India

     Paramdeep Singh

400. Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, UK

     Eirini Skiadaresi

401. Directive Board, Associação de Profissionais Licenciados de Optometria (Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals), Linda-a-Velha, Portugal

     Raúl A. R. C. Sousa

402. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

     Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy

403. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia

     Vladimir I. Starodubov

404. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berehan, Ethiopia

     Birhan Tsegaw Taye

405. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia

     Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu

406. Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

     Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris

407. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

     Saif Ullah

408. Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

     Muhammad Umair

409. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

     Muhammad Umair

410. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran

     Sahel Valadan Tahbaz

411. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

     Sahel Valadan Tahbaz

412. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

     Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe

413. Department of Ophthalmology Research, Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho

     Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn

414. Ophthalmology Unit, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia

     Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn

415. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada

     Lin Yang

416. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

     Lin Yang

417. Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye

     Arzu Yiğit

418. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea

     Dong Keon Yon

419. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan

     Naohiro Yonemoto

420. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

     Naohiro Yonemoto

421. Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

     Yuyi You

422. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

     Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin

423. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia

     Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin

424. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China

     Hanqing Zhao

425. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

     Makan Ziafati

426. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

     Magdalena Zielińska

Consortia

Contributions

Please see Appendix for more detailed information about individual author contributions to the research, divided into the following categories: managing the overall research enterprise; writing the first draft of the manuscript; primary responsibility for applying analytical methods to produce estimates; primary responsibility for seeking, cataloguing, extracting, or cleaning data; designing or coding figures and tables; providing data or critical feedback on data sources; developing methods or computational machinery; providing critical feedback on methods or results; drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and managing the estimation or publications process.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to João M. Furtado.

Competing interests

GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators T W Bärnighausen reports support for the present manuscript from Fondation Botnar and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; grants or contracts from National Institutes of Health (NIH), Wellcome, German National Science Foundation, German Ministry of Education and Research, Volkswagen Foundation, European Union Horizon Europe, German Ministry of the Environment, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Else-Kröner Fresenius Foundation, International Vaccine Institute for grants to Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Germany; stock or stock options in EUR 5000 ownership stake in a consultancy on climate change and health research; all outside the submitted work. R Bai reports support for the present manuscript from Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province (grant number 21GLD008) N Bayleyegn reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with project HIPPO and GECKO as a hospital lead as well as Ethiopia as a member of a surgical society. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant 2023-25 and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. T Braithwaite reports grants or contracts from Fight for Sight/Royal College of Ophthalmologists for Zakarian Award (RCOZAK2202). X Dai reports support for the present manuscript from IHME/UW for paid salary. A Dastiridou support for attending meetings and/or travel from THEA and ABBVIE. M Foschi reports consulting fees from Roche and Novartis as a scientific consultant; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Merck, and Sanofi; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with MSBase collaboration scientific leadership group as a member. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and Lions Club International Foundation. S Hallaj reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health Bridge to Artificial Intelligence common fund, grant # OT2OD032644. I M Karaye support for attending meetings and/or travel from Hofstra University and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. K Krishan reports other support from Kewal Krishan acknowledges non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. T Laksono reports support for attending meetings and/or travel outside the submitted work. V C Lansingh reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from HwelpMeSee. M Lee reports support from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1I1A4A01057428) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology (KIAT) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. P0017805), all outside the submitted work. C McAlinden reports grants or contracts from the Welsh Government for a research grant related to diabetic eye disease (unpaid role)]; consulting fees from: Acufocus (Irvine, California, USA), Atia Vision (Campbell, California, USA), Bausch and Lomb (Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA), BVI (Liège, Belgium), Coopervision (Pleasanton, California, USA), Cutting Edge (Labége, France), Fudan University (Fudan, China), Hoya (Frankfurt, Germany), Knowledge Gate Group (Copenhagen, Denmark), Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision (Santa Ana, California, USA), Keio University (Tokyo, Japan), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (München, Germany), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France), Ophtec BV (Groningen, The Netherlands), SightGlass vision (Menlo Park, California, USA), Science in Vision (Bend, Oregan, USA), Scope (Crawley, UK), SpyGlass (Aliso Viejo, California, USA), Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China), Targomed GmbH (Bruchsal, Germany), University of São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil), Vold Vision (Arkansas, USA); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Scope (Crawley, UK), and Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France); support for attending meetings and/or travel from the following over the past thirty-six months: Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), British Society of Refractive Surgery (Oxford, UK), Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology (Coimbra, Portugal), Royal College of Ophthalmologists (London, UK), Scope (Crawley, UK), Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the British Society for Refractive Surgery as a council member (unpaid role), a PROM advisor to the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (unpaid role), an editorial board member for Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision, Archives of Medical Science, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal of Ophthalmology, and Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology as well as an Associate Editor for Frontiers in Medicine – Ophthalmology; and other support as a developer of the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire and the Orthokeratology and Contact Lens Quality of Life Questionnaire (OCL-QoL) having a financial interest in these tools and consults on topics including Rasch analysis, questionnaires, statistical analyses, and clinical/surgical ophthalmology topics. Dr McAlinden has undertaken paid peer reviews for Research Square (Durham, North Carolina, USA); all outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from Taipei Medical University for a Ph.D. Scholarship; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Benang Merah Research Center as Co-founder, all outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point communications; and the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and/or travel from OMERACT as a past steering committee for attending their meeting every 2 years; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee as a member (No financial support); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, Co-Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee (No financial support), and editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis (No financial support); stock or stock options in Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals, Atyu biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc. as well as previous stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna pharmaceuticals, all outside the submitted work. E Skiadaresi reports consulting fees from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Roche (Basel, Switzerland), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), and Roche (Basel, Switzerland); support for attending meetings and/or travel from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), and Roche ((Basel, Switzerland); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Chair of ATHENA Trial Steering Committee, UK (unpaid); all outside the submitted work. B T Taye reports support for the present manuscript from Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF), Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelber. The funder has no role in designing and preparing the manuscript. J H V Ticoalu leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Benang Merah Research Center as Co-founder. M Zielińska reports other support as an AstraZeneca employee; outside the submitted work. Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study T Braithwaite reports grants or contracts from any entity from Zakarian Award Fight for Sight/Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOZAK2202). A Bron reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Théa. N Congdon reports grants or contracts from any entity from Welcome Trust and MRC; consulting fees from Belkin Vision; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Singapore National Eye Center. M A Del Monte reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the University of Michigan; and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as past president of Costenbader Society. T Fricke reports grants or contracts from any entity from Brien Holden Vision Institute, Victorian Lions Foundation, International Myopia Institute, and Australian government; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from International Myopia Institute. D Friedman reports grants or contracts from any entity from Perivison and Genentech (to the institution for research); consulting fees from Abbvie and Life Biosciences; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Thea Pharmaceuticals; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Thea Pharmaceuticals; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, from Orbis International as member of board of governors. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and from Lions Club International Foundation. G Gazzard reports consulting fees from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision LTD; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios; Genentech/Roche; Reichert; Théa and ViaLase; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Ellex; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Visufarma; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Glaucoma UK Medical Advisory Board and UK&Eire Glaucoma Society as president. M E Hartnett reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Michael F. Marmor, M.D. Professor of Retinal Science and Disease as endowment to support salary; grants or contracts from any entity (from National Eye Institute R01 EY017011 and National Eye Institute R01 EY015130) as partial salary support; patents planned, issued or pending (WO2015123561A2 and WO2021062169A1); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Jack McGovern Coats’ Disease Foundation and as director of Women’s Eye Health and Macular Society Grant Review Chair. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program (as support of salary); and grants or contracts from any entity from Sight for Souls (as support of salary). J E Kim reports consulting fees from Genentech/Roche, DORC, Notal Vision and Outlook Therapeutics (all as payment to J E Kim); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Allergan, Amgen, Apellis, Bausch&Lomb, Clearside, Coherus, Novartis and Regeneron (all as participation on advisory board); leadership or fiduciary role in other borad, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with AAO, APRIS, ASRS, Macular Society and NAEVR/AEVR (all unpaid); and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Clearside and Genentech/Roche (both for medical writing). V C Lansingh reports consulting fees from HelpMeSee (as an employee); and support for attending meetings and/or travel from HelpMeSee (pay airfare and hotel). J Leasher reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with National Eye Institute (as a member) and National Eye Health Education Program planning committee (unpaid). M Nowak reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Vision Express Co. Poland as the chairman of medical advisory board of Vision Express Co. Poland. P Ramulu reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health and Perfuse Therapeutics; and consulting fees from Alcon and W. L. Gore. F Topouzis reports grants or contracts from Théa, Omikron, Pfizer, Alcon, Abbvie and Bayer (all paid to Institution); consulting fees from Omikron, Théa and Bausch & Lomb (all paid to Topouzis); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Omikron (paid to Topouzis), Abbvie and Roche (both paid to Institute); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with European Glaucoma Society (as president), Greek Glaucoma Society (as president) and Board of Governors, World Glaucoma Association (all unpaid).

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